Delivering Tram-Based Boulevards: Learning from Opportunities and Challenges in Three European City Case Studies

Increasing calls for zero-carbon cities invite transformative solutions people and places within our around the world. Key to transformation is regions shifting in mobility away from fossil-fuel based car-oriented solutions. The paper investigates a range of case studies where “tram-based boulevards” have been planned or implemented provide such opportunities. share common broader policy objective: transform car-saturated areas an intensified urban template on critical presence dedicated mid-tier transit infrastructure active transport. “Trams”, mid-tier, mid-capacity when combined with Transit oriented development (TOD) along whole corridors can pathways towards outcomes as well multiple, strong benefits. However, many successful instructive examples this practice non-English speaking countries, particularly Europe, are underdocumented international literature. addresses gap by investigating opportunities challenges evident European studies. These explored insight learning New World seeking into more transit-oriented template: How decision-makers avoid repeating identified pitfalls, instead focus emulating approaches outcomes? We conclude need recognition inherent synergies between transport land use settings any endeavour, their translation priorities both fields planning. also importance decision makers proactively identifying critically appraising specific change, concerning funding, technology, public opinion, stakeholder alliances market dynamics, capitalising them at suitable moments time.